In the mid-1970s the maximum recommended family size was two children in cities and three or four in the country. [54] In general, rural-urban migrant workers are most excluded from local educational resources, citywide social welfare programs and many jobs because of their lack of hukou status. The nation began preparing for the 1982 census in late 1976. Reported in, 2010 Chinese Spiritual Life Survey, Purdue University's Center on Religion and Chinese Society. Under the one-child program, a sophisticated system rewarded those who observed the policy and penalized those who did not. The Xiangyang district of Jiamusi city (Heilongjiang) has a TFR of 0.41, which is the lowest TFR recorded anywhere in the world in recorded history. The 1982 census (which reported a total population of 1,008,180,738) is generally accepted as significantly more reliable, accurate, and thorough than the previous two. At the other end TFR was 3.96 in Geji County (Tibet), 4.07 in Jiali County (Tibet), and 5.47 in Baqing County (Tibet). ", "Challenging Myths about China's One-Child Policy", "The Astonishing Population Averted by China's Birth Restrictions: Estimates, Nightmares, and Reprogrammed Ambitions", "Shortage of girls forces China to criminalize selective abortion", "Chinese mainland gender ratios most balanced since 1950s: census data", "The odds that you will give birth to a boy or girl depend on where in the world you live", "Communiqué of the National Bureau of Statistics of People's Republic of China on Major Figures of the 2010 Population Census (No. Also, the policy in force during most of the 1960s and the early 1970s of sending large numbers of high school graduates to the countryside deprived cities of a significant proportion of persons of childbearing age and undoubtedly had some effect on birth rates (see Cultural Revolution (1966–76)). Most immigrants were illiterate peasants and manual labourers, called "coolies" by analogy to the same pattern of immigration from India, who emigrated to work in countries such as the Americas, Australia, South Africa and Southeast Asia. There is also a serious gender imbalance. The one-child policy was a highly ambitious population control program. Raising a child required a significant portion of family income, and in the cities a child did not become an economic asset until he or she entered the work force at age sixteen. In 2002, about 94% of the population lived east of the Heihe–Tengchong Line, which makes up only 43% of the total land area, which leads to much higher average density (about 280/km2, little less than Japan). Major diseases such as cholera, typhoid, and scarlet fever have been brought under control. Broadly speaking, the population was concentrated east of the mountains[which?] Urbanization increased in speed following the initiation of the reform and opening policy. Life expectancy has more than doubled, and infant mortality has dropped significantly. After that, India is expected to surpass China as the world's most populous country, as India is growing more quickly than China. ", Long-Term Effects of the One-Child Policy, Top 25 Most Populous Countries in the World, Predicting the 20 Most Populous Countries in 2050, Current World Population and Future Projections, The Top Countries for Biotech Firms and Research, M.A., Geography, California State University - Northridge, B.A., Geography, University of California - Davis. The United States Agency for International Development, however, withdrew US$10 million from the Fund in March 1985 based on allegations that coercion had been used. 1)", "Major Figures on Residents from Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan and Foreigners Covered by 2010 Population Census", "Law of the People's Republic of China on the Standard Spoken and Written Chinese Language (Order of the President No.37)", "Urbanisation: Where China's future will happen", "China's urban explosion: A 21st century challenge", "China's mega city: the country's existing mega cities", "Wu-Where? (2010) 'Lamb Buddha's Migrant Workers: Self-assertion on China's Urban Fringe'. Primarily for economic reasons, rural birth rates tended to decline less than urban rates. According to the 2010 census, males account for 51.27% of China's 1.34 billion people, while females made up 48.73% of the total. These efforts, however, had little impact on fertility. International reaction to the allegations were mixed. and south of the northern steppe. From 1960 to 1965, the number of children per woman was about six, and then it crashed after the one-child policy was enacted. The birth figure was 11.6 percent lower compared with 17,23 million in 2017. In the countryside, there was great pressure to adhere to the one-child limit. The government attributed this dramatic decline in fertility to the wǎn xī shǎo ("晚、稀、少", or "late, long, few": later marriages, longer intervals between births, and fewer children) birth control campaign. Couples with more than one child were exhorted to be sterilized. It is estimated that this imbalance will rise until 2025–2030 to reach 20% then slowly decrease.[14]. Initially, China's post-1949 leaders were ideologically disposed to view a large population as an asset. Ministry of Health and Family Planning:[8][9], The latest data from the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) seems to contradict this, stating China's TFR for 2015 was 1,05. China's 2017 fertility rate is estimated to be 1.6, which means that, on average, each woman gives birth to 1.6 children throughout her life. Information was also gathered on minority ethnic groups, urban population, and marital status. Committees to oversee birth control activities were established at all administrative levels and in various collective enterprises. Of the 440 million increase, about 340 million was attributable to net migration and urban reclassification. In the early 1960s, schemes somewhat more muted than during the first campaign, emphasized the virtues of late marriage. According to reports, ceilings or quotas had to be adhered to; to satisfy these cutoffs, unmarried young people were persuaded to postpone marriage, couples without children were advised to "wait their turn," women with unauthorized pregnancies were pressured to have abortions, and those who already had children were urged to use contraception or undergo sterilization. The census provided demographers with a set of data on China's age-sex structure, fertility and mortality rates, and population density and distribution. According to projections based on the 1982 census, if the one-child policy were maintained to the year 2000, 25% of China's population would be age 65 or older by the year 2040. This growth slowed because of the one-child policy instituted in 1979. In 1987, the government announced that the fourth national census would take place in 1990 and that there would be one every ten years thereafter. [17], The 2010 census reported a TFR of 1.18 (0.88 in cities, 1.15 in townships, and After 2030, China's population is expected to decline slowly. Like previous programs of the 1960s and 1970s, the one-child policy employed a combination of public education, social pressure, and in some cases coercion. Analysing the Recent Development of Religious Communities in Contemporary Rural China", "Statistical Communiqué on the 2011 National Economic and Social Development", "China braced for wave of urban migrants", "Chinese urban population 54.77 pct of total", "Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs – Background Note: China", https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/index.html, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Healthcare Security Administration, China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study, Grasping the large, letting go of the small, China Banknote Printing and Minting Corporation, National Development and Reform Commission, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission, State Administration for Industry and Commerce, China Council for the Promotion of International Trade, All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Greater Bay Area, Mainland and Hong Kong Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement, Mainland and Macau Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement, Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_China&oldid=983551205, Articles needing additional references from September 2019, All articles needing additional references, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2012, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2011, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2008, All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from September 2019, Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images, Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the Library of Congress Country Studies, Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the World Factbook, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Zhuang, Manchu, Hui, Miao, Uyghurs, Yi, Tujia, Mongols, Tibetan, Buyei, Dong, Yao, Korean, Bai, Hani, Li, Kazakh, Dai, She, Lisu, Gelao, Lahu, Dongxiang, Va, Sui, Nakhi, Qiang, Tu, Xibe, Mulao, Kyrgyz, Daur, Jingpo, Salar, Blang, Maonan, Tajik, Pumi, Achang, Nu, Ewenki, Gin, Jino, De'ang, Uzbeks, Russian, Yugur, Bonan, Monba, Oroqen, Derung, Tatars, Hezhen, Lhoba, Population with permanent residence difficult to define, total: 37.4 years Country comparison to the world: 67th, 0.4% (2017 est.)